The intermolecular forces in HF, [tex]CCl_4[/tex] and [tex]CH_3Cl[/tex] molecules are hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces and dipole-dipole interactions respectively.
Intermolecular forces, such as the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion that act between atoms in a molecule and other kinds of nearby particles, such as atoms or ions, mediate interactions between molecules.
The attractive forces that occur between molecules are known as intermolecular forces. They control a number of bulk characteristics, including the solubilities (miscibilities) of compounds and their melting and boiling temperatures.
Intermolecular forces may be divided into four categories: hydrogen bonding, London dispersion forces, ion-dipole, and dipole-dipole.
HF has a hydrogen bond, also known as an H-bond, is an electrically charged attraction between an electronegative atom containing a single pair of electrons, known as the hydrogen bond acceptor, and a hydrogen (H) atom that is covalently attached to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group.
[tex]CCl_4[/tex] has London dispersion forces which is the least powerful intermolecular force. When the electrons in two nearby atoms hold positions that cause the atoms to temporarily form dipoles, the consequence is the London dispersion force, a transient attractive attraction.
[tex]CH_3Cl[/tex] has dipole-dipole interactions where molecules having permanent dipoles are drawn to one another electrostatically; for example, the positive end of one molecule will attract the negative end of another, and so forth, eventually causing the molecules to align.
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Write the molecule name of some molecules you made
The molecule name of some molecules you made will be Cl2O7 namely dichlorine heptoxide and S2Cl2 namely disulfur dichloride.
How to name molecular compounds?Molecule-shaped inorganic substances are known as molecular compounds. Examples include common compounds like water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). When compared to ionic compounds like sodium chloride, these compounds are very different (NaCl).
Metal atoms lose one or more of their electrons to nonmetal atoms, resulting in the formation of ionic compounds. Electrostatic attraction draws the resulting cations and anions together.
So what unifies the atoms of a molecule? The atoms in a molecule share their electrons in a way that results in the formation of bonds between atoms rather than ions. Two of these bonds exist between the carbon atom and one of the two oxygen atoms in a molecule of carbon dioxide.
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Question 14 (3 points)If 20g of aluminum is used to replace calcium chloride in a single displacementreaction, how many grams of calcium will be produced? The 20g of aluminum is thelimiting reactant.
Answer
The grams of calcium produced will be 44.44 grams
Explanation
The equation for the reaction is:
3CaCl₂ + 2Al → 2AlCl₃ + 3Ca
From the equation; 2 mol Al = 3 mol Ca
1 mole of Al = 27 g/mol
1 mole of Ca = 40 g/mol
Therefore, the mass of Ca produced when 20 g of Al react is:
[tex]\begin{gathered} 2mol\times27g\text{/}mol\text{ }Al=3mol\times40g\text{/}mol\text{ }Ca \\ \\ 20g\text{ }Al=x \\ \\ x=\frac{20g\text{ }Al}{2mol\times27g\text{/}mol\text{ }Al}\times3mol\times40g\text{/}mol\text{ }Ca \\ \\ x=\frac{20g}{54g}\times120g\text{ }Ca \\ \\ x=44.44\text{ }grams\text{ }Ca \end{gathered}[/tex]Thus, the grams of calcium produced will be 44.44 grams
PLEASE HELP !!!If one sample of water is compared to a sample of water twice its mass, how do the proportions of elements differ?
If one sample of water is compared to a sample of water twice its mass, by the law of multiple proportions of elements will be differ.
According to the law of multiple proportions, a fixed mass of one element would react mostly with masses of other elements in a ratio of tiny, whole numbers whenever two elements combine to generate more than one compound.
For instance, Dalton was aware that when carbon and oxygen combine in two different ratios, two oxides are produced. For example, a given mass of 100 grams of carbon may react using 133 grammes of oxygen to form one oxide or with 266 grams of oxygen to form the other oxide.
Therefore, with the help of law of multiple proportions it can be determined.
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Lithium has two naturally occurring isotopes, 6Li (abundance 7%) and 7Li
(abundance 93%). Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium, giving your
answer to 2 decimal places.
Answer:
6.93
Explanation:
(0.07)6 + (0.93)7 = 0.42 + 6.51 = 6.93
The diagram below shows some subatomic particles.
An outer circle, labeled X, surrounds three smaller circles; one of these is labeled Quark. The three inner circles are connected by a line from each circle to a point at the center of the large circle; the three lines resemble the letter Y.
Which of these statements best identifies the particle that is labeled with an X?
It is either a nucleus or a proton.
It is either a proton or a neutron.
It is either a neutron or an electron.
It is either an electron or a nucleus.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Anyone good there at chemistry? Please help me with this problem
Answer:
19.5°C (nearest tenth)
Explanation:
When a gas is trapped inside a container whose volume cannot change, the pressure is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
Gay Lussac's Law
[tex]\sf \dfrac{P_1}{T_1}=\dfrac{P_2}{T_2}[/tex]
where:
P₁ is the initial pressure.T₁ is the initial temperature.P₂ is the final pressure.T₂ is the final temperature.Temperature must be in kelvins (K).
To convert Celsius to kelvins, add 273.15.
Given values:
P₁ = 4.882 atmP₂ = 4.690 atmT₂ = 8 C = 8 + 273.15 = 281.15 KSubstitute the given values into the equation and solve for T₁:
[tex]\implies \sf \dfrac{P_1}{T_1}=\dfrac{P_2}{T_2}[/tex]
[tex]\implies \sf \dfrac{4.882}{T_1}=\dfrac{4.690}{281.15}[/tex]
[tex]\sf \implies \sf T_1=\dfrac{4.882 \cdot 281.15}{4.690}[/tex]
[tex]\sf \implies \sf T_1=\dfrac{1372.5743}{4.690}[/tex]
[tex]\sf \implies T_1=292.6597655...\:K[/tex]
To convert kelvins to Celsius, subtract 273.15:
[tex]\sf \implies T_1=292.6597655...-273.15=19.5097...^{\circ}C[/tex]
[tex]\sf \implies T_1=19.5^{\circ}C\;(nearest\;tenth)[/tex]
Therefore, the temperature of the previous day was 19.5°C (nearest tenth).
HELP ASAP! Will mark brainliest for correct answer
The density data for a
substance was collected in
the table to the right. The
substance is known to have a
density of 7.4 g/mL. What is
the percent error for the data?
A. about 12%
B. about 0.12%
C. about 14%
D. about 0.14%
A. The percentage error in the measurement of the density is about 12%.
What is error in measurement?The error in any measurement is the difference between the actual measurement of the substance and the estimated measurement of the substance.
The percentage error is obtained by dividing the error in the measurement by actual measurement and multiply the result by 100%.
The average density measurement = 6.5 g/mL
error = actual measurement - estimated measurement
error = 7.4 g/mL - 6.5 g/mL
error = 0.9 g/mL
percentage error = (0.9 / 7.4) x 100%
percentage error = 12.16 %
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Answer: A
Explanation:
what will be the equilibrium temperature when a 229 g block of copper at 290 ∘c is placed in a 136 g aluminum calorimeter cup containing 835 g of water at 12.6 ∘c ?
The equilibrium temperature will be 19.3 °C. We can calculate this using the specific heat capacities of all materials involved (copper, aluminum, and water).
We can calculate the equilibrium temperature by comparing the amount of heat (Q) released by the block of copper and the amount of heat absorbed by aluminum and water.
Q = (t₁ - t₂) * c * m
t₂ - starting temperature
t₁ - final temperature (X)
c - specific heat capacity (0.389 J/g°C for copper, 0.903 J/g°C, 4.186 J/g°C for water)
m - mass of the substance
Q(released) = (290 C - X) * 0.389 J/g°C * 229 g
Q(released) = 25833.49 J - 89.081 J/°C * X
Q(absorbed) = (X - 12.6 °C) * (0.903 J/g°C * 136 g + 4.186 J/g°C * 835 g)
Q(absorbed) = (X - 12.6 °C) * 3618.118 J/°C
Q(absorbed) = 3618.118 J/°C * X - 45588.2868 J
We know that the amount of heat released is equal to the amount of fear absorbed, so we will use that:
25833.49 J - 89.081 J/°C * X = 3618.118 J/°C * X - 45588.2868 J
71421.7768 J = 3707.199 J/°C * X
X = 71421.7768 J / 3707.199 J/°C
X = 19.3 °C
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Air is made up of different gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.
Which statement best describes these three components of air?
Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are all classified as pure substances.
Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide cannot react with another substance.
Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are chemically bonded to one another.
Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide can be classified as elements.
Answer: its thee 3rd one I'm pretty sure.
Explanation:
Answer:
C
Explanation:
They are chemically bonded is the truest of all
Consider this skeleton equation:
Mg + Mn2O3 → MgO + Mn
Which of the following is the correct, balanced chemical equation?
Answer:
3Mg + Mn2O3 --> 3MgO + 2Mn
Explanation:
To know whether an equation is balanced, make sure to count how many atoms of a specific element are in each side.
In these options, the only one that has the same amount on each side is option 2.
On the reactant side, we have:
3 Mg, 2 Mn, and 3 O
On the product side, we have:
3 Mg, 2 Mn, and 3 O
If you have a coefficient in front of the molecule, that means that there is that amount of each element. For example 3 MgO, there is 3 Mg and 3 O.
If you have a subscript (the small number) after the element, that means there is specifically that amount of atoms of that element. For example Mn2O3, there is specifically 2 Mn and 3 O.
what is the difference between ""drying the organic layer with sodium sulfate"" and ""evaporating the organic solvent?"" (hint: do these imply the same physical/chemical process? how are they the same or different?)
The difference between drying the organic layer and solvent evaporation is explained below.
When an organic component is extracted, there is always the possibility of traces of water or moisture remaining in the organic layer. To eliminate water from the organic layer, the organic layer is frequently treated with sodium sulfate, a process known as drying the organic layer. The organic layer is concentrated once it has been freed of water by evaporating the organic solvent. There is always some water remaining in the organic layer after aqueous extractions. Adding anhydrous sodium sulfate for drying the organic layer, eliminates this water by creating sodium sulfate hydrate, which is likewise a solid and so easily filtered away.
Solvent evaporation is the process of emulsifying polymer in aqueous phase and dispersing it in a volatile solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform, or ethyl acetate. The solvent is then evaporated using high heat, vacuum, or continuous stirring. By placing the solution in an open container, solvent evaporation occurs (an Erlenmeyer, evaporating dish, beaker, vial). The solvent is boiled out by placing the container on a heat source (steam bath, hot plate, heating mantle, sand bath).
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What most accurately explains whether liquid water or ice has a higher density, and why?
Hydrogen bond is a type of intermolecular force, a strong bond that is formed due to a dipole-dipole attraction, and it will occur when Hydrogen atom bonds with strongly electronegative atoms, like F, O or N. According to this explanation, let's analyze the options:
A) Hydrogen bond will not occur between two hydrogen atoms, because there is no dipole being formed between them
B) It is not a covalent bond, since it is an interaction between molecules and not atoms, and another reason is that H bonds are strong in terms of dipoles, and covalent bondings will not have that electronegative difference
C) Water is a polar molecule, and that would be a reason for why we have hydrogen bonds
D) Since hydrogen bonds are based on a strong difference in electronegativity, it is considered to be a strong interaction
E) As I wrote in the explanation, yes this interaction between H and O will represent a hydrogen bond
F) Yes! When we talk about hydrogen bonds, we are talking about interaction between molecules and not atoms
Correct:
C
E
F
the reaction 2no(g) br2(g) 2nobr(g) has a kp value of 109 at a particular temperature. if the equilibrium partial pressure of br2 is 0.108 atm and the equilibrium partial pressure of nobr is 0.482 atm, what is the equilibrium partial pressure of no?
The equilibrium pressure of the NO is given by 0.14 atm
What is the equilibrium constant?We define the equilibrium constant as the value that shows the extent to which the reactant is converted to product. If the value of the equilibrium constant have been calculated to be large then most of the reactants have been converted to products.
We can write;
K = [NOBr]/[NO]^2 [Br2]
We now need to make the equilibrium concentration of the NO the subject of the formula as follows;
K[NO]^2 [Br2] = [NOBr]
[NO] = [NOBr]/K [Br2]
[NO] = √0.482^2/109 * 0.108
[NO] = √0.232/11.77
= 0.14 atm
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in the industrial synthesis of acetic acid, methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide. the balanced equation for this reaction is ch3oh (g) co (g) → ch3cooh (l) how many grams of co (g) are required to produce 16.6 moles of acetic acid?
In the industrial synthesis of acetic acid, methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide. The grams of CO(g) required to produce 16.6 moles of acetic acid is 46.4 g.
The balanced chemical equation for the given reaction is -
CH₃OH(g) + CO(g) → CH₃COOH(l)
We know that,
Moles of acetic acid = 16.6 mol
First, we will calculate moles of CO by-
1 mole of acetic acid is produced by 1 mole of CO
16.6 mole of acetic acid is produced by 1 x 16.6 moles of CO
1
Moles of CO = 16.6 mol
To calculate grams of CO -
Number of moles = Given mass
Molar mass
Mass of CO can be calculated as - moles x molar mass
Mass of CO = 16.6 mol x 28 g/mol
Mass of CO = 46.4 g
Hence, grams of CO required is 46.4 g
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electron pairs repel, molecules adjust their shapes so that valence electron pairs are as far apart as possible
A) Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory(VSEPR)
B) Electrical Conductivity
C) Lewis Dot Structures
D) Roman numerals
Answer:
A - VSEPR
Explanation:
The concept being explained here is VSEPR theory, which helps explain molecular geometry. In this theory, electron domains (electron pairs and bonds) repel, so the electron domains are arranged where they are far away from each other. Electron pairs are more repulsive than bonds, and thus will orient themselves such that they are not close to one another.
suppose 7.1 kg of chloroform at 21.4°c is poured into 9 kg of propylene glycol at 36.4°c. calculate the final equilibrium temperature, neglecting any energy processes associated with mixing, given cprop
32.66℃ is found to be the final equilibrium temperature of the system.
The movement of energy from a higher temperature to a lower temperature is referred to as heat. The system (or combination of systems) is considered to be in thermal equilibrium when these temperatures stabilize and heat stops flowing, and this temperature is known as the equilibrium temperature.
The temperature of the water at which the total of all heat fluxes through the sea surface is zero is known as the equilibrium temperature.
Because the Keq is temperature sensitive, the value of the equilibrium temperature has altered in this scenario. That is why equilibria alter with temperature changes.
If the temperature is raised, the point of equilibrium will shift in such a way that the temperature will fall again. It will do this by promoting the process that absorbs heat.
Given:
Cprop, [tex]c_{pr}[/tex] = 2500 J/(kg⋅K)
Cchloroform, [tex]c_{ch}[/tex] = 1050 J/(kg⋅K)
To find:
Final equilibrium temperature, [tex]T_f[/tex] = ?
Formula:
Heat gained by chloroform = Heat lost by propylene glycol
[tex]m_{ch} c_{ch} ( T_f -T_{ch}) = m_{pr} c_{pr} (T_{pr} - T_f)[/tex]
Calculations:
[tex]T_f[/tex] – 21.4 / 36.4 – [tex]T_f[/tex] = [tex]m_{pr}c_{pr} / m_{ch} c_{ch}[/tex] = 9 x 2500 / 7.1 x 1050
[tex]T_f[/tex] – 21.4 / 36.4 – [tex]T_f[/tex] = 22500 / 7455
[tex]T_f[/tex] – 21.4 / 36.4 – [tex]T_f[/tex] = 3.01
[tex]T_f[/tex] – 21.4 = 3.01 x (36.4 – [tex]T_f[/tex])
[tex]T_f[/tex] – 21.4 = 109.564 – 3.01 [tex]T_f[/tex]
[tex]T_f[/tex] + 3.01 [tex]T_f[/tex] = 109.564 + 21.4
4.01 [tex]T_f[/tex] = 130.964
[tex]T_f[/tex] = 130.964 / 4.01
[tex]T_f[/tex] = 32.66℃
Result:
The final equilibrium temperature is found to be 32.66℃
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a 0.561 m solution of an unknown electrolyte depresses the freezing point of water by 2.93 c. what is the van't hoff factor for this electrolyte? the freezing point depression constant, kfp, for water is -1.86 c/m
The value of van't Hoff factor for the electrolyte is i = 0.28
Molarity of solution = 5.61 m
The temperature which depresses the freezing point of water = 2.93 °C
The freezing point depression constant, kfp, for water = 1.86 °C kg[tex]mol^{-1}[/tex]
To find the van't Hoff factor, let's use the following formula.
ΔTf = kf × molality × i
Here ΔTf = depression fo freezing point
kf = freezing point depression constant
i = Van't Hoff's factor
Now substitute the values in the above formula.
2.93 = 1.86 x 5.61 x i
i = 2.93 / 1.86 x 5.61
i = 2.93 / 1.043 = 0.28
Hence, the value of van't Hoff factor is 0.28
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The complete question is:
A 05.61 m solution of unknown electrolyte depresses the freezing point of water by 2.93 °C. What is van't Hoff factor for this electrolyte? The freezing point depression constant (Kf) for water is 1.86 °C kg[tex]mol^{-1}[/tex].
Why does oxygen bond with hydrogen in the ratio 1:2 (and how can you apply this concept to other element compounds)?
Answer:
This is because oxygen requires two electrons to gain stability, while hydrogen has only one olectron, therefore two hydrogen atoms are required
For the following reaction, 6.74 grams of chlorine gas are mixed with excess iron. The reaction yields 8.73 grams of iron(III) chloride .
Answer:22.22
Explanation:22.22
violet light has a wavelength of about 410 nm. what is its frequency? calculate the energy of one photon of violet light. what is the energy of 1.0 mol of violet photons? compare the energy of photons of violet light with those of red light. which is more energetic?
The frequency and energy of one photon of violet light is 7.317x10^14 s-1, 4.85x10^-19 J, and the energy of 1 mol violet is 291.867 J and the energy of violet light is greater than the energy of red light.
The wavelength is 410 nm (1nm=10^-9 m)
=410x10^-9 m
=4.10x10^-7 m
Frequency is the speed of light upon the wavelength
f=3.0x10^8/4.1x10^-7
f=7.317x10^14 s-1
The energy of a photon is hc/lamda
E=6.626x10^-34x3.0x10^8/4.10x10^-7
E=4.85x10^-19 J
For 1-mole photon energy of a photonxavogadro number
4.85x10^-19x6.02x10^23
291867.23 J
291.867 kJ
The energy of red light is 6.626x10^-26x3.0x10^8/7.0x10^-7
E=2.84X10^-19 J
The energy of violet light is greater than the energy of red light.
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Write a Final Argument Paragraphs
Write below about the information of Subclaim 2
Subclaim 2: Bacteria from the fecal transplant can help the patients body produce immune cells that kill invading bacteria.
An argument about subclaim 2 about bacteria from fecal transplants and how it can help the patient's body produce immune cells that kill invading bacteria is given below:
This bacteria that is gotten from fecal transplants can help boost immunity and kill harmful and invading bacteria, they do this by filling up the space in the gut, and this helps to fight invading bacteria.
What is Bacteria?This refers to the free-living organisms that can be found in a biological cell of an organism.
Hence, we can see that an argument about subclaim 2 has been given above and is well explained.
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A specialty food store received orders for 725 fruit baskets during the 7-day period leading up to a major holiday. According to the fruit basket recipe shown, how many strawberries will the specialty store need to fulfill all 725 orders? 1 fruit basket = 4 oranges (O) + 3 apples (A) + 2 pears (P) + 6 strawberries (S) 1 fruit basket = 4O + 3A + 2P +6S ⟶ O4A3P2S6
The fruit basket recipe will the specialty store need to fulfill all 725 orders is 120 strawberries.
What is fruit basket?Fruit basket is defined as a gift basket filled with a variety of fruits.
A fruit basket can be called as a punnet is a compact box or square basket used for gathering, transporting, and selling fruits and vegetables, typically for small berries.
As one basket has 6 strawberries.
So, for completing 725 order we need
= 725 / 6
= 120.8 = 120 strawberries
Thus, the fruit basket recipe will the specialty store need to fulfill all 725 orders is 120 strawberries.
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A mixture of co(g) and o2(g) in a 1.0-l container at 1.0 * 103 k has a total pressure of 2.2 atm. after some time, the total pressure falls to 1.9 atm as the result of the formation of co2. determine the mass (in grams) of co2 that forms.
The mass of Carbon dioxide gas formed is found to be 0.536g by using the partial pressure and the ideal gas law.
The term "partial pressure" refers to the pressure that one gas in a combination imposes. Partial pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a gas in a gas mixture if it alone inhabited the entire volume occupied by the combination.
We may apply the ideal gas law to address problems related to temperature, volume, pressure for a gas in a mixture if we have a mixture of ideal gases.
Let x atm be the initial partial pressure of oxygen and 2.2 – x atm of carbon monoxide.
[tex]2CO (g) + O_2 (g) \rightarrow 2CO_2 (g)[/tex]
I: 2.2-x x
C: -2y -y 2y
E: 2.2-x-2y x-y 2y
Therefore,
(2.2 – x – 2y) + (x – y) + 2y = 1.9
2.2 – y + 1.9
y = 2.2 – 1.9
y = 0.3 atm
Partial pressure of [tex]CO_2[/tex] (g) formed = 2y = 0.6 atm
Now,
PV = nRT
PV = (Mass/Molar mass) x RT
Mass = (Molar mass x PV) / RT
Mass = 44 x 1atm x 1L / 0.082 x 1000K
Mass = 0.536g
Result:
The mass of carbon dioxide gas formed is found to be 0.536g.
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Which statement best describes why a chemical change is different from a physical change?
A. A chemical change is used to identify characteristics of a substance, and a physical change identifies the behavior of a substance when in a reaction.
B. A chemical change is used by scientists to create new substances, and a physical change happens naturally.
C. A chemical change results in a different state of matter, and a physical change results in a new substance being formed.
D. A chemical change results in a new substance being formed; whereas, a physical change will result in a different state of matter.
PLEASE HELP !!!! What would be the mass of AB and A2B3 if the atomic mass of A is 2 units, and the atomic mass of B is 3 units
Answer:
1. 5
2. 13
Explanation:
1. AB = 2 + 3 = 5
2 A2B2 = 2(2) + 3(3) = 4 + 9 = 13
Calculate the number of C70 molecules that can be made from one mole of
carbon atoms.
The Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 per mole
[3
The third and last allotropic form of carbon, following diamond and graphite, is C70 fullerene. The name C70 fullerene refers to the fullerene molecule with 70 carbon atoms.
Let's think about the molecule of carbon dioxide. Since we are aware of its chemical formula, CO2, we can infer that each mole of carbon dioxide comprises 6.02 x 1023 molecules.
The Avogadro's constant is a factor that's used to estimate how many particles are present in a specific substance.
The expression for Avogadro's constant in scientific notation is:
6.02214076×10²³ mol⁻¹.
The amount of particles in 1 mole of a substance is determined by Avogadro's constant, a proportionality factor.
It is comparable to 602,252,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 in ordinary units.
In this way, the avogadro constant can be written as 6.022140761023 mol 1 or 602,252,000,000,000,000,000.
One mole of carbon and two moles of oxygen make up one mole of CO2, or 6.023 x 1023 C atoms and 12.04 x 1023 O atoms, respectively. Avogadro's number, which equals 6.023 x 1023, indicates how many atoms or molecules are contained in one mole of a substance. 6.023 x 1023 CO2 molecules make up one mole of carbon dioxide.
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Which of the following has the largest radius?
A. N a^ +
B. K ^ +
C. Na
D. K
K (Potassium) has the largest radius
Atomic radius – Distance between the nucleus of an atom to its outermost orbit.
In the periodic table, as we go down the group the atomic radius increases. This is because the energy level increases as we go down the group.
Na has 11 electrons. It would have 3 shells – 2,8,1
K has 19 electrons. It would have 4 shells – 2,8,8,1
Na⁺ and K⁺ are ions with the loss of electrons of the atom Na and K respectively.
Na⁺ and K⁺ would have lost one electron resulting in 2 and 3 shells respectively. Thus, they are smaller than Na and K respectively.
Na and K belongs to period 3 and 4 down the group. So, K in 4th period would have more energy levels compares to Na. Thus, K (Potassium) would have the largest atomic radius with 4 shells.
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use information from appendix d to calculate the ph of (a) a solution that is 0.250 m in sodium formate (hcoona) and 0.100 m in formic acid (hcooh), (b) a solution that is 0.510 m in pyridine 1c5h5n2 and 0.450 m in pyridinium chloride 1c5h5nhcl2, (c) a solution that is made by combining 55 ml of 0.050 m hydrofluoric acid with 125 ml of 0.10 m sodium fluoride.
By using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the given solutions are 4.17, 8.72, 3.83 respectively.
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to determine how much conjugate base and acid should be mixed to create a buffer solution with a certain pH.
pH = pKa + [tex]log_{10}[/tex] ([[tex]A^-[/tex]]/[HA]), where [[tex]A^-[/tex]] stands for the molar concentration of the conjugate base (of the acid), and [HA] for the molar concentration of the weak acid, is how the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is expressed.
As per Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
For weak acid buffer, pH = pKa + log ([salt] / [acid])
For weak base buffer, pH = pKa + log ([salt] / [base])
(a) pKa of HCOOH = 3.77
Therefore, pH = pKa + log ([salt] / [acid])
pH = pKa + log ([HCOONa] / [HCOOH])
pH = 3.77 + log (0.250/0.100)
pH = 4.17
(b) pKa of Pyridine = 8.77
Therefore, pH = pKa + log ([salt] / [base])
pH = pKa + log ([Pyridinium chloride] / [Pyridine])
pH = 8.77 + log (0.450/0.510)
pH = 8.72
(c) pKa of HF = 3.17
Therefore, pH = pKa + log ([salt] / [acid])
pH = pKa + log ([NaF] / [HF])
pH = 3.17 + log [(0.10x 125) / (0.05 x 55)]
pH = 3.83
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in this lab, we do not measure the amount of chlorine in sample. we need the amount of chlorine to determine the formula of the compound. how do we determine the amount of chlorine in the compound?
The molecular formula bonattite is CuSO₄·3H₂O.
What is molecular formula?Two or more atoms that have been chemically bonded make up a molecule. A molecular formula is the chemical representation of a molecular compound that lists the types and quantities of atoms that make up each molecule.
We have 0.0281 moles H₂O.
We have 0.00936 moles Copper.
We have 0.00936 moles sulfate.
Mole ratio : For 1 mol Cu we have 1 mol sulfate and 3 moles H₂O.
The molecular formula is CuSO₄·3H₂O
After heating the sample lost 0.506 grams of mass
After reacting with aluminum wire, 0.595 g of Cu was recovered.
So, Moles H₂O = mass H₂O / molar mass H₂O
Moles H₂O = 0.506 grams / 18.02 g/mol
Moles H₂O = 0.0281 moles H₂O
Now, Moles Cu = 0.595 grams / 63.55 g/mol
Moles Cu = 0.00936 moles Cu
For 1 mol of Cu we have 1 mol (SO₄)⁻²
For 0.00936 moles Cu we have 0.00936 moles (SO₄)⁻²
We have 0.00936 moles CuSO₄.
Step 5: Calculate the molecular formula
The molecular formula is CuSO₄·H₂O
To find x we have to divide the number of moles H₂O by the number of moles CuSO₄
x = (0.0281 mol of H2O) / (0.00936 mol of CuSO₄)
x = 3.00
The molecular formula is CuSO₄·3H₂O.
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Here is the complete question " In this lab, we do not measure the amount of chlorine in the sample, We need the amount of chlorine to determine the formula of the compound. How do we determine the amount of chlorine in the compound? The mineral bonattite is known to be a copper sulfate hydrate. 2.000 grams was heated to release the water for form the anhydrate. The sample lost 0.506 g of mass. After reacting with aluminum wire, 0.595 g of copper was recovered. How many motes of water, copper and sulfate were in the compound? What is the mole ratio of these 3 components? What is the formula of bonattite?".
You are asked to prepare a pH=3.00 buffer solution starting from 1.35 L of a 1.00 M solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and an excess of sodium fluoride (NaF)
What is the pH of the hydrofluoric acid solution prior to adding sodium fluoride?
How many grams of sodium fluoride should be added to prepare the buffer solution? Neglect the small volume change that occurs when the sodium fluoride is added.
Answer:
a) 1.58
Explanation:
= 0.681 M Need grams of NaF
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The pH of the hydrofluoric acid solution prior to adding sodium fluoride - = 1.606 and the amount of sodium fluoride should be added to prepare the buffer solution - 35.75g or 36 g.
a) Weak acid such as hydrofluoric acid is not entirely dissociate. The capacity of dissociation of the compound will be given by it's acid dissociation constant ka
HF <==> H+ + F-
I 1.0 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 1.0-x x x
I = initial conc. C = Change in conc. E = Conc. at equilibrium
Ka = (Ka for HF is 6.3 x 10-4 constant)
= 6.3 x 10-4 =
= 6.3 x 10-4 (1.0- x ) =
Solve for x using quadratic equation method. Neglecting negative value as concentration is always positive value
x = -0.0254 and x = 0.0248 = [H+]
pH = - log []
pH = - log 0.0248
= 1.606 ( pH of HF before adding NaF)
b) Given:
pH = 3.00
[HF] = 1.00 M
[F-] - ?
Solution:
a buffer follows the Henderson-Hasselbach equation:
pH = pKa + log
3.00 = 3.167 + log
log = -0.167
[] = (0.681) ([HF])
= (0.681) (1.00)
= 0.681 M
NaF --> + [NaF]
= 0.681 M Need grams of NaF
The amount of would be =
=
= 35.75g NaF
Thus, the pH of the hydrofluoric acid solution prior to adding sodium fluoride - = 1.606 and the amount of sodium fluoride should be added to prepare the buffer solution - 35.75g or 36 g.
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